QQ登录

只需一步,快速开始

微信登录

只需一步,快速开始

搜索

获得经验:3

查看: 2133|回复: 2

【转载】全球195个国家饮酒量及酒类消费的调查:1990---2016年饮酒与疾病的关系...5

[复制链接]
li***ba
头像被屏蔽
发表于 2018-9-17 10:37:05 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
国家烟草专卖局提示消费者:切勿网购卷烟!
本帖最后由 lixundejiuba 于 2018-9-17 10:42 编辑

【转载】全球195个国家饮酒量及酒类消费的调查:1990---2016年饮酒与疾病的关系全面分析(节译)5

文/李寻的酒吧

9

Our results point to a need to revisit alcohol control
policies and health programmes, and to consider
recommendations for abstention. In terms of reducing
population-level alcohol use, WHO provides a set of best
buys—policies that provide an individual year of healthy
life at less than the cost of the average individual
income. 29 Governments should consider how these
recommendations can be implemented within their local
contexts and broader policy platforms, including excise
taxes on alcohol, controlling the physical availability of
alcohol and the hours of sale, and controlling alcohol
advertising. Any of these policy actions would contribute
to reductions in population-level consumption—an
important step toward decreasing the health loss
associated with alcohol use.
Failing to address harms from alcohol use, particularly
at high levels of consumption, can have dire effects on
population health. The mortality crisis in Russia is a
striking example, where alcohol use was the primary
culprit of increases in mortality starting in the 1980s and
led to 75% of deaths among men aged 15–55 years. 30
Current global trends—namely, population ageing—
portend a growing toll of the alcohol-attributable burden
in the absence of policies, particularly since many cancers
disproportionately affect older individuals. Consequently,
low-to-middle SDI countries could benefit from policy
action today to keep alcohol consump tion low and
prevent greater health loss in the future. High and
high-to-middle SDI locations need to consider stronger
alcohol reduction policies, such as those recommend-
ed by WHO, in an effort to reduce population-level
consumption.
Our results should be interpreted within the context of
the study’s limitations. First, our consumption estimates
might not fully capture illicit production or unrecorded
consumption given our use of sales data in estimation.
We have sought to adjust for consumption beyond sales
data, but given the heterogeneity of these estimates it is
likely that additional methodological refinements are
necessary to improve the quantification of unrecorded
consumption. Second, drinking patterns within a year
are assumed to be consistent; however, past work shows
that drinking patterns, rather than average levels of
consumption such as standard daily drinks, might be
related to different levels of risk and harm. Unfortunately,
the data requirements for assessment of such drinking
patterns by age, sex, and location far exceed what is
currently available. For instance, few prospective studies
quantify the effects of drinking patterns and average
levels of consumption in tandem, a requirement for
correctly assessing the risk of alcohol-attributable
outcomes. Third, the data used to estimate motor vehicle
harm caused to others from alcohol use were only
available for the USA (ie, FARS data). Although it is
unlikely that the patterns observed in FARS are drastically
different from those of other locations (appendix 1,
pp 141–144), this assumption needs to be tested with
more location-specific estimates. Fourth, we were unable
to find robust data about the harm caused to others
from alcohol-attributable interpersonal violence, a major
potential source of health loss. More retrospective studies
are needed to assess the harm to others caused through
an individual’s alcohol use. 30 Fifth, consumption for
populations younger than 15 years was not assessed
because of data sparseness on alcohol use for these age
groups. In the absence of such data, potential approaches
to address this limitation, such as assuming consumption
patterns of older age groups or trying to extrapolate past
levels of alcohol consumption, are likely to introduce
additional bias or error. More research on youth drinking
and the associated risk is required to estimate alcohol-
attributable burden for this age group. Last, we sought to
quantify the risk of alcohol use only for outcomes with
evidence meeting the criteria for the comparative risk
assessment approach of GBD studies. However, there are
additional outcomes, such as dementia and psoriasis,
for which accumulating evidence suggests that alcohol
use might be a risk factor. 31–33 In combination, these
limitations suggest that our results are likely to under-
estimate both the health risks and overall attributable
burden of alcohol use.
Conclusion
Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for disease burden
worldwide, accounting for nearly 10% of global deaths
among populations aged 15–49 years, and poses dire
ramifications for future population health in the absence
of policy action today. The widely held view of the health
benefits of alcohol needs revising, particularly as
improved methods and analyses continue to show how
much alcohol use contributes to global death and
disability. Our results show that the safest level of
drinking is none. This level is in conflict with most
health guidelines, which espouse health benefits
associated with consuming up to two drinks per day.
Alcohol use contributes to health loss from many causes
and exacts its toll across the lifespan, particularly among
men. Policies that focus on reducing population-level
consumption will be most effective in reducing the
health loss from alcohol use.
GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators
Max G Griswold, Nancy Fullman, Caitlin Hawley, NicholasArian,
Stephanie R M Zimsen, Hayley D Tymeson, Vidhya Venkateswaran,
Austin Douglas Tapp, Mohammad H Forouzanfar, Joseph S Salama,
Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Degu Abate, Solomon M Abay,
Cristiana Abbafati, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, ZegeyeAbebe,
Victor Aboyans, Mohammed Mehdi Abrar, Pawan Acharya,
Olatunji O Adetokunboh, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Jose C Adsuar,
Mohsen Afarideh, Emilie Elisabet Agardh, Gina Agarwal,
Sargis Aghasi Aghayan, Sutapa Agrawal, Muktar Beshir Ahmed,
Mohammed Akibu, Tomi Akinyemiju, Nadia Akseer, Deena H AlAsfoor,
Ziyad Al-Aly, Fares Alahdab, Khurshid Alam, Ammar Albujeer,
Kefyalew Addis Alene, Raghib Ali, Syed Danish Ali, MehranAlijanzadeh,
Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ala’a Alkerwi, Peter Allebeck,
Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T Amare, Leopold N Aminde,
Walid Ammar, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul,
我们的结果表明需要重新考虑酒精控制政策和健康计划,并考虑放弃酒精的建议。减少人口的酒精使用,世界卫生组织提供了一套最好的购买政策,提供健康的一年饮酒费用低于一般人的平均成本收入。各国政府应该考虑这些问题建议可以在当地实施更广泛的政策平台,包括消费税对酒精征税,控制酒精的物理可用性,酒精和销售时间,以及控制酒精广告。任何这些政策行动都会有所贡献降低人口消费水平 - 减少与酒精使用有关健康损失。未能解决酒精使用的危害,尤其是在高消费水平下,会产对人口健康生可怕的影响。俄罗斯的死亡危机是一个引人注目的例子,酒精使用是主要的从20世纪80年代开始,是死亡人数增加的罪魁祸首,导致15-55岁男性死亡人数的75%。目前的全球趋势 - 即人口老龄化 - 预示着酒精可归因负担不断增加。在没有政策的情况下,特别是许多癌症不成比例地影响老年人。所以,中低端SDI国家可以从政策中受益,今天的行动是保持酒精消耗低防止将来更大的健康损失。高和高中级SDI位置需要考虑更强减少酒精的政策,由世卫组织编写,旨在减少人口消费水平。我们的结果应该在上下文中解释该研究的局限性。首先,我们的消费估计可能无法完全捕获非法生产或未记录,这是考虑到我们使用销售数据进行估算。我们一直在努力调整消费以外的销售额数据,但鉴于这些有估计的异质性,它可能是其他方法录消费的量化。第二,一年内饮用模式被认为是一致的;然而,过去的工作表明饮酒模式,而不是平均水平,可能是标准日常消费这将与不同程度的风险和伤害有关。不幸的是,评估此类饮酒的数据要求年龄,性别和地点的模式远远超过了目前可用方法。例如,很少有前瞻性研究,量化饮酒模式和平均水平的影响消费水平串联,要求正确评估酒精归因的风险结。第三,用于估算机动车辆的数据仅限酒精使用给他人造成的伤害使用于美国(即FARS数据)。虽然是不太可能在FARS中观察到的模式是巨大的与其他地方不同(附录1,pp 141-144),这个假设需要进行测试,到更具体地点的估算。第四,我们无法做到找到来自酒精的人际暴力关于对他人造成的伤害的可靠数据,这是健康损失的潜在来源。更多的回顾性研究需要评估通过他人造成的伤害个人的酒精使用。第五,消费未评估年龄小于15岁的人群,因为这些年龄段的酒精使用数据稀少。在缺乏此类数据的情况下,可能采取的方法解决这个限制,例如假设消费老年人群体的模式或试图推断过去酒精消费水平很可能会引入额外的偏见或错误。更多青少年饮酒研究估计酒精需风险 - 该年龄组的可归因负担。最后,我们寻求量化酒精使用的风险仅用于结果符合比较风险标准的证据GBD研究的评估方法。但是,有其他结果,其中积累的证据表明酒精使用可能是一个风险因素。 31-33这些组合限制表明我们的结果很可能是 - 估计健康风险和总体归因。

结论
酒精使用是疾病负担的主要风险因素在全球范围内,占全球死亡人数的近10%在15-49岁的人口中,并且构成可怕的对未来人口健康的影响。今天的政策行动广泛健康观酒精的好处需要修改,尤其是改进的方法和分析继续显示大量的酒精使用导致全球死亡和失能。我们的结果表明,最安全的水平喝酒是没有的。这个级别与大多数人都有冲突。其中包含健康益处,每天最多消耗两杯。


———— / END / ————

评分

参与人数 3经验 +3 收起 理由
豪不流情 + 1 鼓励一下,希望再接再厉
二十三丶 + 1 --------
rloly + 1 鼓励一下,希望再接再厉

查看全部评分

回复

使用道具

发表于 2018-9-17 11:53:26 | 显示全部楼层
乖乖,英文看不懂
回复 支持 反对

使用道具

发表于 2018-9-17 20:21:27 | 显示全部楼层
谷歌翻译提示不少是文法错误
回复 支持 反对

使用道具

您需要登录后才可以回帖 登录 | 注册

内容请勿涉及:闲置/求购/互换/赠送/拼团/代购/非法渠道/广告营销/联系方式/聊天群/诱导私信

手机|小黑屋|联系我们|烟悦网 ICP证京B2-20180970号

( 京ICP备07038409号|京公安备11010502001453号 )

吸烟酗酒有害健康,烟悦含烟酒内容,不欢迎未成年人浏览

国内互联网经营烟草制品非法,消费者勿盲目网购烟草制品

快速回复 返回顶部 返回列表